Be prepared to discuss the significance, background, and/or meaning of the following terms and/or images:

lost wax casting

Benin

Punitive Expedition of 1897
Cast bronze heads of Kings and Queen Mothers
Mudfish Stool
Pendant Face Representing Idia

Yoruba

Gelede (purpose, masks and headresses, clothing/regalia, general progression of the masquerade)
Ibeji Twin Figures (the general practice and the images, including the modern plastic dolls)
Ifa/Divination (the general practice) 
Divination Cups (the images and their purpose)
Divination Trays  (the images and their purpose)

Bamana

Chi Wara (the practice)
Chi Wara Headdresses (the images, both male and female)
Chi Wara Dancers (the images)

Congo

Nkisi (the general practice and the figures of both those used for healing and those used for conflict resolution, male, female, and dog)
Trigo Piula's Ta Tele

Be prepared to answer the following essay questions as completely as possible:

1.  How is the role and power of the king conveyed through the arts of the ancient Benin peoples?  What materials were used for royal arts?  What symbols were associated with the king and what concepts were these symbols intended to represent?  Were leaders considered divine?  Discuss at least two examples of art forms  to support/illustrate your essay.

2.  Explain the stories and traditions associated with the Yoruba ibeji figures.  How do they reflect the Yoruba concept of  "cool" and "hot" energy?  What was these figures' purpose?  How have these figures changed over time?

3.  Compare and contrast the Chi Wara masquerade of the Bamana people with the Gelede masquerade of the Yoruba people.  What was the purpose of these ceremonies?  What did the masks and costumes represent or signify?  What other art forms, in addition to masks, were part of these ceremonies?